A vector is a living organism that carries and spreads disease-causing germs without getting sick itself.

• Mosquitoes – spread malaria and yellow fever.


• Houseflies – spread cholera, dysentery, typhoid.


• Tsetse flies – spread sleeping sickness.


• Blackflies – spread river blindness.


• Fleas and lice – spread plague and typhus.

• Mosquito: Lays eggs in stagnant water → hatches into larvae → changes to pupae → becomes an adult mosquito that bites and spreads disease.


• Housefly: Lays eggs on dirty things → turns into maggots → changes to pupae → becomes an adult fly that spreads germs on food.


• Tsetse fly: Gives birth to larva → buries itself and becomes a pupa → grows into an adult fly that bites and spreads sleeping sickness.


• Blackfly: Lays eggs near fast-flowing water → becomes larva → changes to pupa → becomes an adult blackfly that spreads river blindness.


• Flea: Lays eggs on animals or beds → becomes larva → changes to pupa → becomes an adult flea that bites and spreads diseases like plague.

• Mosquito: Clear stagnant water around the home, use mosquito nets and insecticides, and wear protective clothing at night.


• Housefly: Keep the environment clean, cover food properly, dispose of waste quickly, and close doors and windows with nets.


• Tsetse fly: Clear bushes around homes and farms, avoid areas where tsetse flies live, and wear long-sleeved clothing.


• Blackfly: Avoid living or bathing near fast-flowing rivers, spray insecticides near riverbanks, and wear protective clothing.


• Flea: Keep animals and bedding clean, treat pets with flea powder, and clean the home regularly, especially dark corners.

• Wash hands regularly with soap and water.


• Keep the house and surroundings clean.


• Use mosquito nets and insect repellents.


• Avoid sharing personal items like towels or razors.


• Cook food properly and store it well.


• Boil drinking water or use clean sources.


• Cover food to prevent flies.


• Take sick members to the hospital early.


• Get vaccinated against common diseases.


• Control family size using family planning

• Father – provides money, helps with decision-making, and ensures good living conditions.


• Mother – prepares nutritious meals, keeps the home clean, and cares for the children.


• Children – follow hygiene rules, help with chores, and keep their personal space clean.


• Everyone – works together to prevent disease and care for each other.

• Bath daily and wear clean clothes.


• Brush your teeth and wash your hands often.


• Sweep the house and compound daily.


• Dispose of refuse properly.


• Clear gutters and stagnant water.


• Wash plates and cover food properly.

Healthy eating helps prevent both infectious and non-infectious diseases.

• Eat meals rich in protein, vitamins, carbohydrates, and minerals.


• Give babies breast milk and balanced weaning food.


• Avoid too much sugar, salt, or fatty foods.


• Store and cook food properly to avoid food poisoning.

Family planning means choosing the number of children you can take care of and spacing them properly.

• Reduce pressure on income and food.


• Prevent unwanted pregnancies.


• Ensure better care for each child.


• Keep the mother healthy.

Family planning methods include natural methods, pills, injections, condoms, and IUDs (only under health guidance).

When someone is sick at home:

• Show love and emotional support.


• Keep the person clean and comfortable.


• Give medicine as prescribed by the doctor.


• Take them to the hospital when needed.


• Keep their items separate to avoid spreading infection.


• Maintain good hygiene around them.

• The family may spend a lot of money on hospital bills and medicines.


• Healthy family members may miss work or school to take care of the sick person.


• The illness may cause fear, stress, or sadness in the family.


• Other family members may also become infected, especially with communicable diseases.


• The family may become poorer and weaker if the illness continues or repeats.


• Plans for progress, savings, or travel may be delayed or cancelled.

• Many sick individuals from different families reduce the overall strength of the community.


• Schools, offices, and markets may not function well because people are sick.


• The government may spend too much money on disease control instead of development.


• Disease outbreaks can lead to fear, panic, or even lockdowns.


• Skilled workers may die, leading to lack of doctors, teachers, or leaders.


• Poverty and hunger may increase if many families lose their sources of income.

• Family health means total well-being of every family member.


• It includes disease prevention, good hygiene, healthy eating, and emotional support.


• Diseases can be communicable (spread) or non-communicable (not spread).


• Germs spread through contact, air, water, food, or insects.


• Disease vectors like mosquitoes and flies can spread dangerous illnesses.


• Families must work together to stay healthy, care for the sick, and live responsibly.