Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are diseases that cannot be passed from one person to another. They are not caused by pathogens, and they do not spread through air, water, food, touch, or insects.

• Communicable diseases are caused by germs and can spread (e.g. malaria, cholera).


• Non-communicable diseases are not caused by germs and cannot spread (e.g. sickle cell, obesity).

1. Sickle Cell Anaemia – A genetic (inherited) disease where red blood cells are shaped like a sickle; it causes tiredness, body pain, and frequent illness.


2. Kwashiorkor – Caused by severe lack of protein in the diet, mostly in young children; leads to swollen belly, weakness, and poor growth.


3. Marasmus – Caused by lack of all nutrients, especially calories and protein; leads to extreme thinness and weakness.


4. Obesity – Caused by overeating and lack of physical activity; body stores too much fat, leading to tiredness and health problems like heart disease or diabetes.


5. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) – Often caused by stress, too much salt, lack of exercise, or family history; it can damage the heart or brain.


6. Diabetes – Happens when the body cannot control sugar levels properly; caused by poor diet, obesity, or inherited from parents.


7. Cancer – A group of diseases where body cells grow out of control; can affect different parts of the body and may be caused by smoking, chemicals, or genetics.


8. Asthma – A condition where the airways swell and make breathing difficult; can be triggered by dust, smoke, cold air, or exercise.

1. Heredity (Genetics) – Some diseases are passed from parents to children (e.g. sickle cell).


2. Poor Nutrition – Lack of balanced diet can cause diseases like kwashiorkor or obesity.


3. Lack of Exercise – Increases risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart diseases.


4. Unhealthy Habits – Like smoking, drinking alcohol, or eating too much junk food.


5. Environmental Factors – Like air pollution, toxic chemicals, or loud noise.


6. Stress – Too much emotional pressure can cause high blood pressure or depression.

1. Go for regular medical checkups – to detect the disease early and monitor your health.


2. Take prescribed medicine correctly – follow the doctor’s instructions, especially for conditions like sickle cell, asthma, and diabetes.


3. Eat a balanced diet – include enough protein, fruits, and vegetables; avoid too much sugar, salt, and fatty foods.


4. Exercise regularly – do light physical activity like walking or stretching to stay fit and control weight.


5. Avoid smoking, alcohol, and drugs – these habits can worsen diseases like cancer, asthma, and hypertension.


6. Manage stress properly – rest well, sleep enough, and do calming activities to keep blood pressure and emotions stable.


7. Keep your environment clean and safe – avoid dust, smoke, and dirty areas, especially if you have asthma.


8. Learn about the disease and get support – talk to doctors, family, and support groups to stay encouraged and informed.

• Helps people live long and healthy lives


• Reduces hospital visits and medical bills.


• Keeps children strong and able to learn well.


• Makes society healthier and more productive.