Crude oil is a natural, unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials.

Petrochemicals Can be define as Chemical products derived from the refining of crude oil, used in various industrial applications.

1. Distillation: Separates crude oil into fractions based on boiling points.


2. Vacuum Distillation: Further processes heavy fractions from atmospheric distillation under reduced pressure.


3. Cracking: Breaks large hydrocarbons into smaller, valuable molecules.


4. Reforming: Converts naphtha into high-octane gasoline components and aromatics.


5. Alkylation and Polymerization: Combines small molecules into high-octane gasoline components.


6. Hydrotreating: Removes sulfur, nitrogen, and impurities using hydrogen and a catalyst.


7. Desulfurization: Removes sulfur to produce cleaner fuels.


8. Blending: Combines hydrocarbon streams and additives to meet quality standards.


9. Coking: Converts heavy residuals into lighter products and petroleum coke.


10. Isomerization: Converts straight-chain hydrocarbons into branched-chain hydrocarbons for higher octane.