A database is a collection of related data or information that is stored together in an organised way so that it can be easily accessed, managed, and updated.

In simple terms, a database is where information is kept for quick retrieval, use, and management.

1. A telephone directory (stores names and phone numbers).      ☎️
2. A library catalogue (stores book titles, authors, and location on shelves) .     📚
3. A school’s student records (stores student names, classes, results, and addresses).     🏫
4. A bank’s customer records.     🏦

1. Manual Database : A database that is created and managed by hand without using a computer. Example: Record books, index cards, filing cabinets.


2. Electronic (Computerised) Database : A database that is created and managed using a computer and software. Example: Microsoft Access, Oracle, MySQL, Excel (as a simple database).

1. Hierarchical database — Organises data in a tree structure where each child has one parent.    🌳


2. Network database — Organises data so that each child can have multiple parents.    🔗


3. Relational database — Organises data in tables linked by common fields (keys).    📊


4. Object-oriented database — Stores data as objects that include both data and functions.    🎛

1. File — A collection of related records.


2. Record — A collection of related fields (e.g., all details about one student).


3. Field — A single piece of information about a record (e.g., student name, age).


4. Data — Raw facts and figures before processing.


5. Information — Data that has been processed to make sense.

1. It stores data in an organised way.


2. It allows easy access to data.


3. It makes updating and deleting data simple.


4. It allows sharing of data among users.


5. It ensures accuracy and reduces errors.

1. Information can be found quickly.


2. Data can be easily updated or corrected.


3. It saves space — no need for bulky files and cabinets.


4. It allows sharing of data between different departments.


5. It Helps to protect data with passwords and security features.

1. Requires electricity and computers to work.


2. May be costly to set up and maintain.


3. Risk of data loss due to technical failure or hacking.


4. Needs skilled personnel to manage and operate the system.


5. Vulnerable to cyberattacks and unauthorized access if not well secured.

1. Microsoft Access


2. MySQL


3. Oracle


4. Microsoft Excel (simple databases)


5. dBASE

1. Databases is used in schools — to keep student and staff records.


2. Databases is used in hospitals — to store patient information.


3. Databases is used in banks — to manage customer accounts.


4. Databases is used in libraries — to manage book records.


5. Databases is used in businesses — to keep records of goods, customers, and sales.

1. Create, store, and manage data files.


2. Retrieve data when needed.


3. Update or modify data.


4. Delete unwanted data.


5. Ensure data security and integrity.