A non-centralized state is a political system where authority and governance are distributed among various units or communities, rather than being concentrated in a single central authority. In such systems, decision-making is often communal, with power shared among elders, councils, and age-grade associations. This form of governance is also known as decentralized or stateless societies.

1. Decentralized Governance: Power is not concentrated in a single ruler but is distributed among various units, such as villages or clans.


2. Council of Elders: Elders, often the heads of families or clans, play a significant role in decision-making processes.


3. Age-Grade Systems: Communities are organized into age groups that take on specific roles and responsibilities, contributing to social order and development.


4. Consensus Decision-Making: Decisions are made collectively, with input from various members of the community, ensuring that all voices are heard.


5. Absence of Centralized Military Power: These societies typically do not have a standing army or centralized military force.


6. Religious and Cultural Institutions: Religious leaders and cultural institutions often play a role in governance and conflict resolution.

1. Igbo: The Igbo people practiced a decentralized form of governance, with power vested in various village assemblies and councils of elders.


2. Tiv: The Tiv people had a decentralized political system where authority was spread across various clans and elders.


3. Idoma: The Idoma people organized themselves into autonomous villages, each governed by its elders.


4. Ebira: The Ebira people had a decentralized system with power distributed among various clans and elders.


5. Ibibio: The Ibibio people practiced decentralized governance, with decisions made by village councils and elders.


6. Anang: The Anang people had a decentralized political structure, with authority vested in village assemblies.


7. Ijo (Ijaw): The Ijo people organized themselves into autonomous communities, each with its system of governance.


8. Urhobo: The Urhobo people practiced a decentralized form of governance, with power distributed among various communities.

1. Flexibility and Adaptability: Decentralized systems can quickly adapt to changes and challenges, as decisions are made at the local level.


2. Community Participation: Citizens have a direct role in governance, leading to decisions that reflect the community's needs and values.


3. Conflict Resolution: Localized decision-making can lead to more effective and culturally appropriate conflict resolution.

1. Lack of Unified Direction: Without a central authority, it can be challenging to coordinate efforts and policies across different communities.


2. Potential for Fragmentation: The absence of a central power can lead to divisions and conflicts between different groups.


3. Limited Resources: Local communities may have limited resources and capabilities to address larger-scale challenges.

Conclusion

Non-centralized states in pre-colonial Nigeria demonstrated a unique form of governance where power was distributed among various units, allowing for community participation and localized decision-making. While this system had its advantages, such as adaptability and community involvement, it also faced challenges like lack of coordination and potential fragmentation. Understanding these systems provides insight into the diverse political structures that existed in Nigeria before colonial influence.